Bird Flu Outbreaks: Understanding the Risks and How to Protect Yourself

This article was updated on: 9/11/24.

The H5N1 bird flu has been spreading among wild birds in the U.S. this year. Although it’s making headlines, the bird flu doesn’t have much impact on humans so far.

So far, only 14 humans have been diagnosed with bird flu in 2024. Four of the cases arose among people who work with dairy cows. Nine cases arise among people exposed to poultry.

The most recent case arose among a person in Missouri who had no known animal exposure. They have since recovered from the illness.

“At this point, bird flu is a very low risk for the general population,” says Edward Liu, M.D., an infectious disease specialist in Neptune, New Jersey. “People who have more contact with dairy cows or poultry might be at somewhat higher risk.”

Here’s what you should know about bird flu:

What Is Bird Flu?

Bird flu, also called avian flu, is a type of influenza A virus. It spreads among certain wild birds and may spread to other species.

The bird flu typically affects wild water birds, such as:

• Ducks
• Geese
• Swans
• Storks

Some chickens and turkeys on poultry farms catch bird flu from wild birds. The virus has spread to poultry farms in 48 states.

Dairy cows have also contracted bird flu this year. The virus has affected dairy farms in 14 states.

What Happens When Farm Animals Get Bird Flu?

When chickens or turkeys have bird flu, the birds unfortunately need to be euthanized. This action is taken to help stop the spread of the infection on farms.

“I don’t think there’s a direct impact on people at this point, other than, potentially, increased prices of poultry,” Dr. Liu says. 

Some diseases do spread from animals to humans, but it’s unlikely for bird flu. CDC, FDA are partnering to expand testing, prevention efforts, and treatments including vaccine development. Increased testing will be necessary to monitor for any person-to-person transmission which would be more concerning.

Some people who have gotten bird flu had close contact with dairy cows. Most workers on poultry and dairy farms don’t contract bird flu. Basic personal protective equipment like gloves and washing hands with soap and water can protect agriculture workers.

Should People Change Their Habits Because of Bird Flu?

At this point, bird flu has only affected one person in the U.S. who doesn’t work with farm animals. You shouldn’t need to act differently to reduce your risk.

You can still do all of the following activities:

Eat poultry. Poultry that makes it to the supermarket isn’t affected by bird flu. Even if it was, you wouldn’t be at risk of contracting bird flu.

“When you’re heating meat to the appropriate temperatures, the cooking process kills viruses and bacteria,” Dr. Liu says.

Consume dairy products. It’s safe to have food and beverages made from pasteurized cow’s milk. Avoid raw, unpasteurized dairy products.

“The pasteurization process kills off viruses and bacteria, keeping us safe,” Dr. Liu says.

Attract wild birds to your yard. You may keep your bird feeder, but clean it periodically.

“You don’t want the feeder to be contaminated,” Dr. Liu says. “Clean it to protect the birds.”

Avoid Potentially Risky Situations

These common-sense habits may help reduce your risk of bird flu:

Monitor backyard chickens. If you have a chicken coop, be mindful that your birds may contract bird flu. Seek advice from your veterinarian as needed.

“Pay attention if the birds aren’t acting right,” Dr. Liu says. “[Maybe] they had exposure to a wild bird that transmitted the virus to them. Wash hands thoroughly to protect yourself.”

Steer clear of “wet” markets when traveling. International markets that are brimming with live animals for sale may be risky destinations.

“Markets with a lot of animals together may not be the best place to spend time,” Dr. Liu says. “All it requires is some sick animals, and there could be exposure.”

Avoid dead wild birds. If you see dead birds in parks or your neighborhood, leave them be. If it’s on your property, dispose of it without touching it.

To remove a dead bird, wear disposable gloves. Place the bird in a plastic bag in the trash, then wash your hands.

Immune-compromised individuals should have a relative or neighbor handle the bird.

“If you don’t have anyone else that can clean up the dead bird and your immune system is weak,” Dr. Liu says, “use a mask and gloves and wash up very well afterwards.”

What to Do If You Suspect Illness

If you get sick soon after a bird encounter, get checked out. Bird flu is an unlikely diagnosis, but doctors or an urgent care can confirm.

“At the hospital, we have sophisticated tests that check for multiple flu strains,” Dr. Liu says. “Newer tests can determine if the flu is type A or B. Bird flu is type A virus.”

Patients who test positive for flu may receive antiviral treatments. However, most people will never be diagnosed with bird flu.

“People should just keep an eye on bird flu surveillance and not be overly worried at this point,” Dr. Liu says.

Next Steps & Resources:

Meet our source: Edward Liu, M.D.

To make an appointment with Dr. Liu or a doctor near you, call 800-822-8905 or visit our website. 

The material provided through HealthU is intended to be used as general information only and should not replace the advice of your physician. Always consult your physician for individual care.